Cannizzaro Reaction

This redox disproportionation of non-enolizable aldehydes to carboxylic acids and alcohols is conducted in concentrated base.

α-Keto aldehydes give the product of an intramolecular disproportionation in excellent yields.

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Mechanism of the Cannizzaro Reaction

An interesting variant, the Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction, uses formaldehyde as reducing agent:

At the present time, various oxidizing and reducing agents can be used to carry out such conversions (with higher yields), so that today the Cannizzaro Reaction has limited synthetic utility except for the abovementioned conversion of α-keto aldehydes.

The Cannizzaro Reaction should be kept in mind as a source of potential side products when aldehydes are treated under basic conditions.

Recent Literature

Lithium Bromide as a Flexible, Mild, and Recyclable Reagent for Solvent-Free Cannizzaro, Tishchenko, and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reactions

A Highly Efficient and Enantioselective Intramolecular Cannizzaro Reaction under TOX/Cu(II) Catalysis

Nucleophile- or Light-Induced Synthesis of 3-Substituted Phthalides from 2-Formylarylketones

Ytterbium Triflate-Promoted Tandem One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones